header

Manipulates HTTP response header fields. It can set, add, and delete header values, or perform replacements using regular expressions.

By default, header operations are performed immediately unless any of the headers are being deleted (- prefix) or setting a default value (? prefix). In those cases, the header operations are automatically deferred until the time they are being written to the client.

To manipulate HTTP request headers, you may use the request_header directive.

Syntax

header [<matcher>] [[+|-|?|>]<field> [<value>|<find>] [<replace>]] {
	# Add
	+<field> <value>

	# Set
	<field> <value>

	# Set with defer
	><field> <value>

	# Delete
	-<field>

	# Replace
	<field> <find> <replace>

	# Replace with defer
	><field> <find> <replace>

	# Default
	?<field> <value>

	[defer]
}

• <field> is the name of the header field.

  With no prefix, the field is set (overwritten).

  Prefix with + to add the field instead of overwriting (setting) the field if it already exists; header fields can appear more than once in a request.

  Prefix with - to delete the field. The field may use prefix or suffix * wildcards to delete all matching fields.

  Prefix with ? to set a default value for the field. The field is only written if it doesn't yet exist.

  Prefix with > to set the field, and enable defer, as a shortcut.

• <value> is the header field value, when adding or setting a field.

• <find> is the substring or regular expression to search for.

• <replace> is the replacement value; required if performing a search-and-replace.

• defer will force the header operations to be deferred until the response is being written out to the client. This is automatically enabled if any of the header fields are being deleted with -, when setting a default value with ?, or when having used the > prefix.

For multiple header manipulations, you can open a block and specify one manipulation per line in the same way.

When using the ? prefix to set a default header value, it is recommended to separate this into its own header directive. Under the hood, using ? configures a response matcher which applies to the directive's entire handler, which only applies the header operations if the field is not yet set. For example, in the same directive, you have these two manipulations: -Hidden and ?Foo default, then the Hidden header is only removed if Foo is empty, which is typically not the intended effect.

Examples

Set a custom header field on all requests:

header Custom-Header "My value"

Strip the "Hidden" header field:

header -Hidden

Replace http:// with https:// in any Location header:

header Location http:// https://

Set security and privacy headers on all pages: (WARNING: only use if you understand the implications!)

header {
	# disable FLoC tracking
	Permissions-Policy interest-cohort=()

	# enable HSTS
	Strict-Transport-Security max-age=31536000;

	# disable clients from sniffing the media type
	X-Content-Type-Options nosniff

	# clickjacking protection
	X-Frame-Options DENY
}

Multiple header directives that are intended to be mutually-exclusive:

route {
	header           Cache-Control max-age=3600
	header /static/* Cache-Control max-age=31536000
}

Set a default cache expiration if upstream doesn't define one:

header ?Cache-Control "max-age=3600"
reverse_proxy upstream:443

To override the cache expiration that a proxy upstream had set for paths starting with /no-cache; enabling defer is necessary to ensure the header is set after the proxy writes its headers:

header /no-cache* >Cache-Control nocache
reverse_proxy upstream:443

To perform a deferred update of a Set-Cookie header to add SameSite=None; a regexp capture is used to grab the existing value, and $1 re-inserts it at the start with the additional option appended:

header >Set-Cookie (.*) "$1; SameSite=None;"